Cystitis
Cystitis, also known as a urinary tract infection (UTI), is an inflammation of the bladder typically caused by a bacterial infection. It is very common, particularly among women and individuals with vaginas, and while usually not serious, it can be very painful and recurring. Although cystitis often resolves on its own, it sometimes requires antibiotic treatment.
What are the causes of cystitis?
Bladder infections occur when bacteria enter the bladder, multiply, and irritate the bladder lining, resulting in cystitis symptoms. Common causes include:
- Not fully emptying the bladder when urinating
- Damage or irritation around the urethra, which can be caused by sexual activity
- Transfer of bacteria from the anus to the urethra during sex, wiping after using the toilet, or inserting a tampon
- Use of a urinary catheter
- Using spermicide with contraception
- Conditions that block the urinary tract, such as kidney stones
- Pregnancy
- Post-menopause
- Diabetes
- Weakened immune system
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
The symptoms of cystitis can also indicate other conditions, so it’s important to contact a sexual health clinic or your GP if you experience them for the first time.
Symptoms include:
- Urgent and frequent need to urinate, passing only small amounts
- Pain or stinging during urination
- Bladder pain
- Dark, cloudy, or strong-smelling urine
- Traces of blood in urine
- Pain in the lower abdomen, lower back, or above the pubic bone
- Feeling unwell, weak, or feverish
Are there any long-term effects?
Most people do not experience long-term effects from cystitis. However, recurrent infections can occur. Untreated cystitis can spread to the kidneys, causing a kidney infection (pyelonephritis), which requires antibiotics. If you frequently experience UTIs, consult your GP.
How is cystitis treated?
Mild cystitis typically resolves within a few days with plenty of water intake, avoiding caffeinated or sugary drinks and alcohol, and abstaining from sex until symptoms clear. Pain relief can be managed with paracetamol or ibuprofen. Pharmacies also offer treatments. While some people use cranberry products to prevent cystitis, there is no evidence supporting their effectiveness once the infection has started.
A doctor or sexual health clinic may request a urine sample to test for cystitis and prescribe antibiotics if necessary.
Consult your GP or a sexual health clinic if:
- You have cystitis symptoms and a penis, as this could indicate a more serious condition
- Symptoms persist after 3 days
- You experience severe pain
- You frequently experience cystitis symptoms
Call NHS 111 or make an urgent GP appointment if:
- There is blood in your urine
- You have a high fever (38°C or higher) or feel hot and shivery
- You have a very low temperature and feel cold
- You develop pain around your back or lower abdomen
- You haven’t been able to urinate all day
- You feel drowsy or confused
- You feel or are being sick
These symptoms could indicate a kidney infection, which is more serious than cystitis.
How can I reduce the risk of cystitis?
To reduce the risk of infection:
- Urinate as soon as possible after sex
- Always wipe from front to back after using the toilet
- Avoid perfumed bubble bath, soap, or talcum powder around the genitals
- Drink plenty of water
- Use water to wash around the vagina before and after sex